Docker部署Nginx HTTPS服务的实现步骤

2026-04-12 18:21:02发布 4次浏览

详情描述

Docker 部署 Nginx HTTPS 服务详细步骤

1. 准备工作

1.1 创建项目目录结构

mkdir -p nginx-https/{conf,cert,html,logs}
cd nginx-https

1.2 生成 SSL 证书（自签名证书用于测试）

# 生成私钥
openssl genrsa -out cert/nginx.key 2048

# 生成证书签名请求
openssl req -new -key cert/nginx.key -out cert/nginx.csr \
  -subj "/C=CN/ST=Beijing/L=Beijing/O=Test/OU=Test/CN=localhost"

# 生成自签名证书（有效期365天）
openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in cert/nginx.csr -signkey cert/nginx.key -out cert/nginx.crt

2. 配置 Nginx

2.1 创建 Nginx 配置文件

创建 conf/nginx.conf：

# 主配置文件
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;

    sendfile on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;

    # HTTPS 服务器配置
    server {
        listen 443 ssl http2;
        server_name localhost;

        # SSL 证书配置
        ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;

        # SSL 优化配置
        ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
        ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;

        # 启用 SSL 会话缓存
        ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
        ssl_session_timeout 10m;

        # HSTS 头（生产环境建议开启）
        # add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;

        # 根目录配置
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        index index.html index.htm;

        location / {
            try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
        }

        # 健康检查端点
        location /health {
            access_log off;
            return 200 "healthy\n";
            add_header Content-Type text/plain;
        }
    }

    # HTTP 重定向到 HTTPS
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name localhost;

        # 重定向所有 HTTP 请求到 HTTPS
        return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;

        # 或者提供不同的响应
        # location / {
        #     rewrite ^ https://$server_name$request_uri permanent;
        # }
    }
}

2.2 创建默认首页

创建 html/index.html：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Nginx HTTPS 服务</title>
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
            max-width: 800px;
            margin: 0 auto;
            padding: 20px;
            text-align: center;
        }
        .success {
            color: green;
            font-size: 24px;
            margin: 20px 0;
        }
        .info {
            background-color: #f5f5f5;
            padding: 15px;
            border-radius: 5px;
            margin: 20px 0;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Nginx HTTPS 服务已成功部署！</h1>
    <div class="success">🔒 HTTPS 连接正常</div>
    <div class="info">
        <p>服务器时间: <span id="time"></span></p>
        <p>协议: <span id="protocol"></span></p>
    </div>
    <script>
        document.getElementById('time').textContent = new Date().toLocaleString();
        document.getElementById('protocol').textContent = window.location.protocol;
    </script>
</body>
</html>

3. Docker 部署

3.1 创建 Dockerfile

创建 Dockerfile：

# 使用官方 Nginx 镜像
FROM nginx:alpine

# 安装必要工具（可选）
RUN apk add --no-cache bash curl

# 复制配置文件
COPY conf/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

# 复制 SSL 证书
COPY cert/nginx.crt /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt
COPY cert/nginx.key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key

# 复制网站文件
COPY html/ /usr/share/nginx/html/

# 设置目录权限
RUN chmod 644 /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt && \
    chmod 600 /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key && \
    chown -R nginx:nginx /usr/share/nginx/html

# 暴露端口
EXPOSE 80 443

# 健康检查
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
  CMD curl -f https://localhost/health || exit 1

# 使用非 root 用户运行
USER nginx

# 启动 Nginx
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

3.2 创建 docker-compose.yml

创建 docker-compose.yml：

version: '3.8'

services:
  nginx-https:
    build: .
    container_name: nginx-https
    ports:
      - "80:80"    # HTTP 端口
      - "443:443"  # HTTPS 端口
    volumes:
      # 配置文件挂载（开发时方便修改）
      - ./conf/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
      - ./cert:/etc/nginx/ssl:ro
      - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro
      # 日志持久化
      - ./logs:/var/log/nginx
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - nginx-network

networks:
  nginx-network:
    driver: bridge

3.3 构建和运行容器

方式一：使用 Docker Compose（推荐）

# 构建并启动服务
docker-compose up -d --build

# 查看运行状态
docker-compose ps

# 查看日志
docker-compose logs -f

# 停止服务
docker-compose down

方式二：使用 Docker 命令

# 构建镜像
docker build -t nginx-https .

# 运行容器
docker run -d \
  --name nginx-https \
  -p 80:80 \
  -p 443:443 \
  -v $(pwd)/conf/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro \
  -v $(pwd)/cert:/etc/nginx/ssl:ro \
  -v $(pwd)/html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro \
  -v $(pwd)/logs:/var/log/nginx \
  --restart unless-stopped \
  nginx-https

# 查看运行状态
docker ps

# 查看日志
docker logs -f nginx-https

# 进入容器
docker exec -it nginx-https sh

# 停止容器
docker stop nginx-https
docker rm nginx-https

4. 验证部署

4.1 测试 HTTPS 连接

# 使用 curl 测试
curl -k https://localhost
# 或详细测试
curl -v -k https://localhost

# 检查 SSL 证书信息
openssl s_client -connect localhost:443 -servername localhost < /dev/null 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -dates

4.2 测试 HTTP 重定向

# 应该被重定向到 HTTPS
curl -v http://localhost

4.3 健康检查

curl https://localhost/health

5. 生产环境优化

5.1 使用 Let's Encrypt 证书（自动续期）

创建 docker-compose-prod.yml：

version: '3.8'

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    container_name: nginx-prod
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
      - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro
      - ./certbot/www:/var/www/certbot:ro
      - ./certbot/conf:/etc/letsencrypt:ro
    networks:
      - web-network
    restart: unless-stopped

  certbot:
    image: certbot/certbot
    container_name: certbot
    volumes:
      - ./certbot/www:/var/www/certbot
      - ./certbot/conf:/etc/letsencrypt
    entrypoint: "/bin/sh -c 'trap exit TERM; while :; do certbot renew; sleep 12h & wait $${!}; done;'"
    networks:
      - web-network

networks:
  web-network:
    driver: bridge

5.2 使用配置文件模板

创建 conf/nginx.conf.template：

# 使用环境变量
server {
    listen ${NGINX_PORT} ssl;
    server_name ${NGINX_HOST};

    ssl_certificate ${SSL_CERT_PATH};
    ssl_certificate_key ${SSL_KEY_PATH};
    # ... 其他配置
}

6. 常用命令和脚本

6.1 一键部署脚本

创建 deploy.sh：

#!/bin/bash

# 颜色输出
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
NC='\033[0m'

echo -e "${GREEN}开始部署 Nginx HTTPS 服务...${NC}"

# 1. 检查目录结构
echo "检查目录结构..."
for dir in conf cert html logs; do
    if [ ! -d "$dir" ]; then
        mkdir -p "$dir"
        echo "创建目录: $dir"
    fi
done

# 2. 生成证书（如果不存在）
if [ ! -f "cert/nginx.crt" ] || [ ! -f "cert/nginx.key" ]; then
    echo "生成 SSL 证书..."
    openssl genrsa -out cert/nginx.key 2048
    openssl req -new -key cert/nginx.key -out cert/nginx.csr \
        -subj "/C=CN/ST=Beijing/L=Beijing/O=Test/OU=Test/CN=localhost"
    openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in cert/nginx.csr \
        -signkey cert/nginx.key -out cert/nginx.crt
    rm cert/nginx.csr
fi

# 3. 构建镜像
echo "构建 Docker 镜像..."
docker-compose build

# 4. 启动服务
echo "启动服务..."
docker-compose up -d

# 5. 验证部署
echo "验证服务..."
sleep 3
if curl -k -s https://localhost > /dev/null; then
    echo -e "${GREEN}✅ Nginx HTTPS 服务部署成功！${NC}"
    echo -e "访问地址: ${GREEN}https://localhost${NC}"
else
    echo -e "${RED}❌ 服务启动失败，请检查日志${NC}"
    docker-compose logs nginx-https
fi

6.2 备份和恢复脚本

创建 backup.sh：

#!/bin/bash
# 备份配置和证书
BACKUP_DIR="backup_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)"
mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR
cp -r conf cert html $BACKUP_DIR/
tar -czf $BACKUP_DIR.tar.gz $BACKUP_DIR
echo "备份完成: $BACKUP_DIR.tar.gz"

7. 故障排查

常见问题解决：

端口冲突

# 查看占用端口的进程
lsof -i :80
lsof -i :443

# 或使用
netstat -tlnp | grep :80

证书问题

# 检查证书格式
openssl x509 -in cert/nginx.crt -text -noout

# 验证证书链
openssl verify -CAfile cert/nginx.crt cert/nginx.crt

查看 Nginx 配置语法

docker exec nginx-https nginx -t

查看容器日志

docker logs nginx-https
docker-compose logs

项目结构

nginx-https/
├── Dockerfile
├── docker-compose.yml
├── deploy.sh
├── backup.sh
├── conf/
│   └── nginx.conf
├── cert/
│   ├── nginx.key
│   └── nginx.crt
├── html/
│   └── index.html
└── logs/
    ├── access.log
    └── error.log

这样你就完成了一个完整的 Docker 化 Nginx HTTPS 服务部署方案，包含开发和生产环境配置、自动化脚本和故障排查指南。